SOURCES:
Steven Offenbacher, DDS, PhD, chair, department of periodontology; director, Center for Oral and Systemic Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Mayo Clinic: “Oral health: A window to your overall health.”
American Dental Association: “Diabetes.”
Cleveland Clinic: “Oral Health Problems and Diabetes.”
American Academy of Periodontology: “Gum Disease and Diabetes.”
American Diabetes Association: “Diabetes and Oral Health Problems.”
Mayo Clinic: “Diabetes and dental care: Guide to a healthy mouth.”
Sally Cram, DDS, periodontist; spokeswoman, American Dental Association.
American Dental Association: “Oral Cancer.”
Cleveland Clinic: “Oral Cancer.”
American Cancer Society: “Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer.”
Mayo Clinic: “What is the best way to screen for oral cancer?”
Mayo Clinic: “Bruxism/teeth grinding.”
American Dental Association: “Bruxism (Teeth Grinding).”
American Academy of Periodontology: “Gum Disease and Pregnancy Problems.”
CDC: “Public Health Implications of Chronic Periodontal Infection in Adults.”
Vergnes, J. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, February 2007.
Offenbacher, S. Journal of Periodontology, October 1996.
Offenbacher, S. Obstetrics and Gynecology, September 2010.
American Dental Association: “Pregnancy.”
Donald S. Clem, DDS, periodontist; president, American Academy of Periodontology.
American Academy of Periodontology: “Gum Disease Links to Heart Disease and Stroke.”
Mayo Clinic: “Can poor oral health cause heart disease?”
Cleveland Clinic: “Oral Health and Cardiovascular Diseases.”
American Academy of Periodontology: “Healthy Gums and a Healthy Heart: The Perio-Cardio Connection.”
American Academy of Periodontology: “Mouth-Body Connection.”
